Immunoglobulins IgG IgM IgA Blood Test

Total protein measures the combined amount of albumin and globulin (including immunoglobulins) in your blood. Proteins are essential for many body functions including immune response, fluid balance, and nutrient transport. Abnormal total protein levels can indicate liver disease, kidney disease, malnutrition, or immune disorders. This measurement provides context for interpreting individual immunoglobulin levels.

Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood plasma, produced by the liver. It maintains fluid balance, transports hormones and nutrients, and supports tissue growth and repair. Low albumin levels can indicate liver disease, kidney disease, malnutrition, or inflammation. High albumin levels are rare but may occur with dehydration. Albumin levels help assess overall health and nutritional status.

Globulin is a group of proteins in the blood that includes immunoglobulins (antibodies), transport proteins, and clotting factors. Globulin is calculated by subtracting albumin from total protein. Elevated globulin levels may indicate chronic inflammation, infection, autoimmune disease, or certain blood cancers. Low globulin levels can suggest immune deficiency or liver disease. The albumin-to-globulin ratio helps assess immune function and overall health.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody found primarily in mucous membranes, saliva, tears, and the digestive and respiratory tracts. It provides the first line of defence against infections at these entry points. Low IgA levels may indicate immune deficiency, making you more susceptible to respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. High levels can be associated with chronic infections, liver disease, or autoimmune conditions. Results outside the normal range may need a follow-up with your GP.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant antibody in the blood and provides long-term protection against infections. IgG antibodies are produced after exposure to pathogens or vaccination and can cross the placenta to protect newborns. Low IgG levels may indicate immune deficiency or increased infection risk. High levels can be associated with chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, or certain blood cancers. Results outside the normal range may need a follow-up with your GP.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first antibody produced during an acute infection. It provides immediate but short-term protection while the body develops longer-lasting IgG antibodies. Elevated IgM levels typically indicate a recent or active infection. Low IgM levels may suggest immune deficiency or impaired ability to respond to new infections. IgM is particularly important for fighting bacteria in the bloodstream. Results outside the normal range may need a follow-up with your GP.